Psycho-Social Interventions in Management of Long Term Health Care Needs in a Case of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Free Essay Example, 3000 words

More than half manifests a productive cough and half of the cases passed the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria for emphysema. Age, gender, race, smoking history, blood type, alpha1-antitrypsin variation, socioeconomic status, occupation, pollution exposure, and infections are the known risk factors for developing COPD. The race is also a factor in developing COPD, wherein whites have an odds ratio of 3.1 in dying from this condition (Meyer et al, 2002) though African Americans appear to be more susceptible to the effects of COPD than whites (Chatila et al, 2004). Among those risk factors, smoking is the most prominent cause of COPD. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40% to 74% who die from COPD are smokers (Mannino Buist, 2007). Meyer et al (2002) reveal more than 80% of deaths from those who experienced smoking before and during COPD morbidity, while the odds ratio of those who currently smoke versus those who stopped smoking are 6.5 and 3. Aside from irritants from smoking, occupational-related vapors, gas, dust, and fumes exposure is also a risk in developing COPD (Blanc et al, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho-Social Interventions in Management of Long Term Health Care Needs in a Case of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page These air pockets increase the lung area that cannot facilitate gas and blood exchange, thus this is where the manifestations of emphysema set in. As the gas exchange is altered, oxygen and carbon dioxide are not effectively exchanged. With decreasing oxygen concentration while increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, increase in respiratory effort is stimulated, resulting in progressive dyspnea.

Hospitality Operation Management London - 3631 Words

HOSPITALITY OPERATION MANAGEMENT Hospitality operation management can be well-defined as one of classification of transmitting the contribution that can be resources, products, services into an necessary output as in goods and better performance of services and healthier utilization of assets by going through some of the management process such as planning, controlling, forming and accomplishing them for a business s strategy in hospitality. INTRODUCTION Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London is in one of the biggest name in hospitality industries. The hotel is located in the Knightsbridge of London. Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group owns the hotel. Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group is incorporated in Bermuda and headquarter is in Hong Kong.†¦show more content†¦The Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London has 173 rooms and 25 suits and half of rooms are designed in a manner that they overlook Hyde Park. There are three restaurants in the hotel in which two restaurants are open year round and the Mandarin Bar. Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park provides other site amenities like spa, fitness centre, and small and large events spaces. The hotel is located in the close proximity of Royal Albert Hall and Apsley house. Popular interior designer Adam Tihany designed the interiors of the restaurants and bars. Restaurants serves historic European food which is reinvented by the chef Michelin and bars contains French bistro and wine bar. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES- The environmental impact indicates the negative aspect of human activities on the biophysical environment. Consumers’ and customers’ behavior and attitude depends on environmentally responsible business organization. Environmental issues are taken into account by most of the consumers when they plan their travelling or purchasing. Good environmental responsibility shows the growth of ecotourism, which has a continuous growth than traditional tourism because ecotourism becomes a modern trend. In older days the environmental issue was only limited to the industries, that caused many types of pollution to the environment. But now environmental issue is seen as a broader level agenda as they are not only related

Sub Networks Their Offices And Departments †Myassignmethelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sub Networks Their Offices And Departments? Answer: Introduction Small start-up businesses can have their operations made easy by incorporating networks and subnetworks in their offices and departments. Having the offices interconnected by a networks makes it easy to share files, information and even resources such as printers and this will help the business save on cost and minimize work done manually due to shortage of resources. ABC-Z limited as a small start-up business setting up business operations on the outskirts of Melbourne CBD will also have easy operations if it employs a TCP/IP network system to interconnect their computers and other devices. All their communication problems will be handled by the network and the devices which need to send logs will send the logs and the logs received immediately from the receivers side. There is a great advantage for using the network to enhance the intercommunication of the devices since the owners will just need to often check whether the logs are still streaming in. Networking devices can communicate even when they are made by different manufacturers. In their design, there are reference models applied that allow them to communicate as long as they are connected and in the same network. These reference models are the Open System Interconnection (OSI) and the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) [1]. Examples of the TCP/IP protocol suite in use today include the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol provides its host with all the necessary information for configuration automatically [1]. The IP address, the subnet mask and the default gateway are all issued automatically to the host. Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a protocol used by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol to share its implementation details [2]. The protocol suite contains the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server where all the hosts acquire TCP/IP configuration information. Using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol makes it easy to move nodes from one subnet to another since the IP addresses are automatically acquired. In cases where the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol suite is not used, the unique unicast IP addresses needed for each node connected by the TCP/IP model will need manual reconfiguration if a computer is moved from one computer to another [3]. If a computer is removed from the network, a manual reclamation would be needed too. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server keeps all the host IP addresses and dynamically assigns them to hosts automatically when the computer starts on the network. If the computer stops accessing the network, the IP address is reclaimed automatically by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server [4]. The host accessing the internet must be DHCP-enabled to allow the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server store its configuration information in a database. The client in turn automatically receives a valid IP address and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol options requested e.g. default gateway, DNS Servers, and the Domain Name. Figure 1: Acquisition of an IP address by A DHCP enabled host. The Address Resolution Protocol on the other hand maps IP network addresses to physical machine addresses (Media Access Control addresses) that are recognized in the network. The Address Resolution Protocol suite uses the ARP cache in maintaining the relation between the Media Access Control (MAC) address with the corresponding IP address by providing the rules to define the relations and doing the conversions of the addresses [4]. The ARP cache has a big size though it can contain very many computers IP addresses if not continually cleared. This is handled but deleting all the entries of computer addresses saved in the cache which removes all entries of unused addresses and free spaces. A client therefore caches a give Internet Protocol (IP) address only for a short time. During the deletion, the ARP cache also deletes all the IP addresses of computers that are currently not running. This is done by considering all the unsuccessful attempts to contact the computers. Figure 2: ARP request-reply structure The target system also replies with a unicast packet and the IP address. If a computer responds to a request send to another computer on its behalf, the ARP suite is called Proxy ARP and a gratuitous ARP occurs when a node defends an Internet Protocol address on the LAN and ensures no other computer uses the IP address. Besides the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is also used as a reference model to networking. In this suite, computers design messages which are called datagrams and send them to a given host on the network. The User Datagram Protocol normally has no connections and provides checksums which are useful in confirming the data integrity and port numbers which address issues arising at the source and destination of the datagrams. User Datagram Protocol has no dialogues or communications between the host and the server and therefore information shared via User Datagram Protocol man not have a guarantee of delivery or duplicate protection. If need arises to handle such errors, UDP introduces other applications such as TCP to handle them. It is therefore best suited when there is no error checking or correction needed. In the User Datagram Protocol, a packet is dropped if it delays in delivery [7]. It is therefore good in time saving since at times its better to drop packets and resend rather than wait for a packet that may have been delayed in the networking. Based on the business requirements for ABC-Z limited, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) will be the best cable to opt. Being busy, the business will need cables that can overcome any interferences caused by electromagnetic signals or noise without damaging the information being relayed or delaying it [4]. The network system is supposed to send logs at pre-defined intervals and this could work perfectly if all other external factors do not affect the time it takes for the information relayed to reach destination. The UTP cables are less fragile compared to STP cables and therefore they would suit the company even in installing them at the high heights and still avoid their damage even when placed at a place where they are disturbed by other people [4]. The UTP cables use cancellation effect caused by the twisting of the wire pairs to handle noise and this makes them just sufficient for the use in a company that does not have much electromagnetic interference. The unshielded twisted pair cables are smaller than shielded twisted pair and therefore they are easier to set up and install. They dont require grounding cables and only need less maintenance and therefore they are cheaper than shielded twisted pair both in installation and maintenance. To run an application that will transmit data records to another building after every 0.5 seconds, we will need to use synchronous transmission. This will allow us create agreed timings between which every bit will be sent over the network. Our system having set times after which the application will transmit data records to another building, using synchronous transmission, all communication paths will have courier signals with frequency and bits encoded into a signal. The snchronous systems normally synchronise signal clocks on both sides before beginning transmissions. supports high data transfer rate They will therefore need a clock signal between the sender and the receiver and require a requires master configuration with a slave. The sender and receiver all have some internal circuits to allows them regulate data access to hosts whose follow that agreement. A coaxial cable with give the best speed of transmitting and supporting the types of connection due to its high speed in carrying the signal [6]. Using the General Packet Radio System (GPRS), we will have a speed of 56 to 114 Kbps. One record will be coming every 0.5 seconds and records are 500 bytes in length an equivalent of 4000bits or 4Kbs. The coaxial cable will therefore be able to hold all the bytes with no expected delays. References C. F. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Management, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2003 Droms and T. Lemon, The DHCP Handbook, SAMS Publishing, 2003. Droms, " Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Parameters," 17 11 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters/bootp-dhcp-parameters.xhtml. [Accessed 26 August 201 Bernard and C. Stuart, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Domain Search Option," November 2002. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3397. [Accessed 26 August 2017]. A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking) 4th auditing, 2009. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite e/4, 2010. Clark, Data Networks IP and the Internet,, West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2003. Cisco Systems, "CCNA: Network Media Types," 14 March 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276. [Accessed 28 August 2017]. C. A, "STP vs UTP Cables: Application Comparison," 7 02 2010. [Online]. Available: https://customcable.ca/stp-vs-utp-cables-application-comparison/. [Accessed 27 08 2017]. B. J. B. L. E. L. d. A. R. Bates, "High speed electrical transmission line design and characterization," 30 09 1986. [Online]. Available: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/12/02/C02002/pdf. [Accessed 27 08 2017]. address on the LAN and ensures no other computer uses the IP address.